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New maternity referral guidelines released
In July 2011, the Ministry of Health updated its Referral Guidelines for Lead Maternity Carers (LMC). This updates and
replaces the referral process as outlined in “The role of General
Practice in the care of pregnant women”, BPJ 35 (Apr, 2011 ).
The revised Referral Guidelines are intended to:
- Improve maternity care safety and quality
- Improve the consistency of consultation, transfer and transport processes
- Give confidence to women, their families/whānau, and other practitioners if a primary care or specialist consultation
or a transfer of clinical responsibility is required
- Promote and support coordination of care across providers
The previous Guidelines recommended a three tier referral system for LMCs. The revised Guidelines recommend four categories
of referral (Table 1).
The referral process to Primary Care involves the following steps:
- The LMC determines that a referral to the woman’s General Practitioner is warranted and discusses this with the woman
and gains her consent.
- The LMC makes a referral to the woman’s General Practitioner (or other Primary Care practitioner), but remains responsible
for the woman’s maternity care.
- The General Practitioner assesses the woman and responds to the referring LMC in writing, recommending a plan of care
for the woman or her baby.
- If the condition requires input from another practitioner, the General Practitioner will discuss this with the woman
and the LMC and make a referral to the practitioner and inform the LMC.
Conditions for which referral to a General Practitioner or other Primary Care practitioner is recommended include: cardiac
arrhythmia/palpitations which are recurrent, persistent or associated with other symptoms; hypothyroidism; symptomatic
cholelithiasis (gall stones); inactive inflammatory bowel disease; contact with tuberculosis; controlled epilepsy; current
alcohol or drug misuse/dependency; depression and anxiety disorders; mild or moderate asthma; acute respiratory conditions;
influenza-like illness; postnatal depression; minor abnormalities in the newborn; undescended testes in newborn boys;
mother on a medicine which poses a risk to the foetus e.g. carbimazole, antipsychotics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants.
The Guidelines have been designed to enhance communication, collaboration and documentation between clinical providers.
LMCs are encouraged to provide relevant information to the woman’s General Practitioner throughout the course of her pregnancy,
and likewise, the General Practitioner should share all relevant information with the LMC (e.g. if the General Practitioner
requests the first antenatal screening tests). The Guidelines ensure that the woman, her infant and family/whanau are
at the centre of all decision making.
Table 1: Referral guidelines for LMCs (MoH, 2011)
Referral level |
Consequent action |
Primary |
The LMC discusses with the woman that a consultation may be warranted with a General Practitioner,
midwife or other relevant primary health provider (e.g. physiotherapist, lactation consultant, smoking cessation services,
drug and alcohol services, maternal mental health services) as her pregnancy, labour, birth or puerperium (or the baby)
is, or may be, affected by a condition that would be better managed by, or in conjunction, with another primary provider.
Where a referral occurs, the decision regarding ongoing clinical roles and responsibilities must involve three way
conversations between the primary care provider, the LMC and the woman. This should include discussion of any ongoing
management of the condition by the primary care provider. Clinical responsibility for the woman’s maternity care remains
with the LMC.
A referral to a primary care provider may result in a referral for consultation or a transfer of clinical
responsibility. In this event, the provider must notify the LMC of any referral or transfer. |
Consultation |
The LMC must recommend to the woman (or parent(s) in the case of the baby) that a consultation
with a specialist is warranted given that her pregnancy, labour, birth or puerperium (or the baby) is or may be affected
by the condition.
Where a consultation occurs, the decision regarding ongoing care, advice to the LMC on management, and any recommendation
to subsequently transfer care must involve three way conversations between the specialist, the LMC and the woman. This
should include discussion on any need for and timing of specialist review. The specialist will not automatically assume
responsibility for ongoing care. This will vary with the clinical situation and the wishes of the woman.
A consultation may result in a transfer of clinical responsibility. In this event, the consulting specialist
formally notifies the LMC of the transfer and documents it in the woman’s records. |
Transfer |
The LMC must recommend to the woman (or parent(s) in the case of the baby) that the responsibility
for her care be transferred to a specialist given that her pregnancy, labour, birth or puerperium (or the baby) is
or may be affected by the condition.
The decision regarding ongoing clinical roles/responsibilities must involve three way conversations between
the specialist, the LMC and the woman. The specialist will assume ongoing clinical responsibility and the role of the
LMC from that point on will be agreed between those involved. This should include discussion about timing of transfer
of clinical responsibility back to the LMC when the condition improves. Decisions on transfer should be documented in
the woman’s records. |
Emergency |
An emergency situation necessitates the immediate transfer of clinical responsibility to the
most appropriate practitioner available. Responding to an emergency situation may include emergency transport by road
or air to a facility able to provide the necessary level of care.
In such circumstances the clinical roles and responsibilities are dictated by the immediate needs of
the mother and/or baby and the skills and capabilities of practitioners available including those involved in providing
emergency transport if it is required. The LMC is likely to have an ongoing role throughout the emergency depending
on the circumstances. |
Simvastatin: risk associated with high doses
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a recommendation that the use of high-dose simvastatin
(80 mg) is restricted, due to increased risk of myopathy. The recommendation states that simvastatin 80 mg should only
be prescribed if a patient has previously been taking the medicine for longer than 12 months with no signs of myopathy.
Furthermore, prescriptions for 80 mg simvastatin should not be issued to new patients and those already taking simvastatin
should not have their dose increased to 80 mg per day.1
The FDA advice comes following the analysis of the SEARCH trial, which found that patients taking 80 mg per day of simvastatin
had an increased risk of myopathy compared to patients taking lower doses of the same medicine, or other medicines of
the same class.1,2 The study, which included over 12 000 people, found that 52 patients in the 80 mg group,
and one in the 20 mg group, developed myopathy. Approximately 60% of reported cases of myopathy were due to a genetic
variation affecting the uptake of simvastatin into the liver, resulting in increased plasma levels of simvastatin which
in turn increases the risk of myopathy.1 Most cases were likely to occur in the first year of treatment. Increased
age and female gender were also found to increase the risk of myopathy.1
Symptoms of myopathy, which in severe cases can develop into rhabdomyolysis, include; muscle pain and tenderness, weakness
and dark or red urine. Confirmation of diagnosis can be achieved by testing for elevated serum creatine kinase levels.3
Medsafe response
Medsafe is currently in the process of updating the data sheets for all medicines available in New Zealand that contain
simvastatin.
For example, the changes to the Lipex data sheet include:
- In the Dosing and Administration section: The 80 mg dose of LIPEX should be used only for those patients who have
not achieved their LDL-C goal utilising the 40 mg dose.
- The following Contraindications have been added:
- Myopathy secondary to other lipid lowering agents
- Concomitant administration of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, e.g. itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, HIV protease
inhibitors, erythromycin, clarithromycin, telithromycin and nefazodone)
- Concomitant administration of gemfibrozil, cyclosporin or danazol
- The inclusion of additional information in the Warnings and Precautions section, including: The risk of myopathy is
greater in patients on simvastatin 80 mg compared with other statin-based therapies with similar LDL-C lowering efficacy.
Therefore the 80 mg dose of LIPEX should only be used in patients at high risk for cardiovascular complications who have
not achieve their treatment goals on lower doses and when the benefits are expected to outweigh the potential risks.
In patients taking LIPEX 80 mg for whom an interacting agent is needed, a lower dose of LIPEX or an alternative statin
regimen with less potential for drug-drug interactions should be used.
- The addition of information (including dose caps) in the drug interactions section of the Warnings and Precautions
section
- Additional information in the Interactions section
A Prescriber Update will also be released shortly advising of restrictions to the 80 mg dose of simvastatin in New Zealand.
Use of high dose simvastatin
In New Zealand, simvastatin, combined with diet and exercise, remains the first-line cholesterol lowering treatment
for patients with an estimated five year CVD risk of 15–20%. The usual dose is simvastatin 20–40 mg per day, which may
be increased to 80 mg in patients who require intensive treatment. It is important to remember that the statin dose response
is not linear, i.e. the 80 mg dose reduces LDL cholesterol by an additional 6% over the 40 mg dose.
In patients taking 80 mg simvastatin, consider switching to atorvastatin 40 mg daily, which is an equivalent dose. In
addition, consider that the benefits of statin treatment for elderly people are less clear than in younger populations,4 therefore
older patients may benefit more from a reduction in dose.
For further information about prescribing statins see: “An
update on statins”, BPJ 30 (Aug, 2010).
To view previous Medsafe guidance on statin-induced myopathy see: “Statin
interactions: reports of serious myopathy” Prescriber Update 2011;32(2), available from: www.medsafe.govt.nz.
References
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: New restrictions, contraindications, and dose limitations
for Zocor (simvastatin) to reduce the risk of muscle injury. Available from: www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm256581.htm (Accessed
Aug, 2011).
- SEARCH. Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and Homocysteine. Available from: www.searchinfo.org (Accessed
Aug, 2011).
- MERCK. U.S. Prescribing information for simvastatin revised to include new limits on the use of the highest dose
– 80 mg – and updated drug information. Available from: www.merck.com/newsroom/news-release-archive/prescription-medicine-news/2011_0608.html (Accessed
Aug, 2011).
- Mangin D, Sweeney K, Heath I. Preventive health care in elderly people needs rethinking. 2007 BMJ 335(7614):285-7.