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Key Concepts |
- Generic prescribing is cost effective, associated with less potential for error and is encouraged for all prescribers
- Exceptions to generic prescribing include drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, modified-release preparations
and drugs with different delivery systems
- Education about brand change is important and pharmacists play a key role
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Prescribing a drug generically is an indicator of good prescribing
practice
Generic prescribing is promoted in many countries as a way of reducing pharmaceutical costs. In the UK the adoption
of generic prescribing is used as a measure to assess performance in primary care1 and some practices have
achieved a generic prescribing rate of 80%.
Prescribers in New Zealand are encouraged to write prescriptions for a medicine, using the generic name of its active
ingredient rather than its brand name. While there are exceptions to this rule (see below) and some issues to take into
consideration, generic prescribing can be regarded as rational and cost-effective use of medicines.
Six reasons to prescribe medicines using generic rather than brand name
- You don't have to remember different brand names
- You don't have to remember which brand is currently subsided
- There is less potential for confusion and error, especially when brand names are similar
- Less expensive medication brands can be used more often, allowing other medicines to be funded
- Pharmacists can dispense the medication in stock without having to consult the prescriber
- The generic name provides a guide to the drug's pharmacology and chemical class
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Omeprazole 20 mg |
Losec 20 mg, Omezol 20mg, Dr Reddy's Omeprazole 20 mg |
Not all drugs should be prescribed generically
Examples of medicines which should not be prescribed generically include:
All anticonvulsants, all antiarrhythmics, theophylline, warfarin, cyclosporin, thyroxine and lithium.*
* Lithium tablets and capsules are also not equivalent
Some medicines are generally not considered interchangeable when:
- The product has a narrow therapeutic range. In medicines where efficacy and/or toxicity are critically
dependent on plasma concentration, the allowable differences in bioavailability between the reference and generic product
in bioequivalence testing may result in changes in clinical effect between brands, although this is unlikely.
- The product is modified release. The composition and pharmacokinetics of modified release medicines
are more difficult to standardise compared to standard release formulations. For this reason, substitution of a modified
release product may not be advisable once treatment has been initiated.
- The delivery systems or dose forms of the products are not pharmaceutically equivalent. The use of
transdermal patches (e.g. oestradiol patches), suppositories and systemically acting creams or ointments may be supported
by data demonstrating bioequivalence with oral or other dose forms. However because of variability due to pharmaceutical
form, these products are not considered interchangeable.
Medsafe determines bioequivalence for generic drugs
In New Zealand, Medsafe is responsible for determining that a generic copy of an innovator drug is bioequivalent, before
it is released onto the market. Bioequivalence is determined using international regulations and guidelines. It is defined
as the absence of a significant difference in the rate and extent of absorption into systemic circulation of two pharmaceutically
equivalent medicines, when administered in the same dose under similar conditions.2
See BPJ
Special Edition March 2007 "What is bioequivalence" for further information
on the calculation of bioequivalence and variables in bioequivalence studies.
Patient perception may influence therapeutic effect
Generic prescribing may lead to a patient receiving a different brand of drug than previously used which in turn may
give rise to concerns about new side effects and variation in therapeutic effect. Different brands of an equivalent medicine
must include identical amounts of the active ingredient in the same dose formulation and route of administration but some
excipients (inactive ingredients) are allowed to differ.2 Some people may have individual sensitivities to
excipients, for example lactose intolerance or avoidance of excipients of animal origin.
Worsening in symptom control or intensity of effect may be perceived as therapeutic inequivalence but actually may be
due to disease progression3 or psychological factors. These factors may include patient preference and perceived
inferiority of a generic brand and may be more significant when the drug in question is used to treat a serious medical
condition or psychological illness.4
See BPJ
Special Edition, March 2007 "Changing to a generic drug" and
BPJ
6, June 2007 "Upfront: Brand change" for further information on patient
perceptions.
Education and counselling about brand change is important
The different appearance of medicines when brands change can be troubling to some patients and can lead to confusion
and difficulty in complying with medicine regimens. Pharmacists have an important role in helping patients through this
change. Many pharmacies place stickers on new brands of medicine to assure patients that they are still receiving the
same drug in the same amount, despite the different appearance. Verbal or written information may be required to counsel
patients through changes in medicines associated with mental illness and other serious conditions.
Pharmacists can also ensure that patients get the same brand of medication for repeat prescriptions.
See BPJ
Special Edition, March 2007 "Counselling patients through a brand
change".
Prescribers should make the best decision for their patient
Despite education, counselling and reassurance, generic prescribing for some patients may compromise their ability or
willingness to comply with their medicine regimen. In these situations it may be reasonable for the doctor to prescribe
a branded medication.
Brand names should be used when prescribing drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, modified release formulations and
drugs with different delivery systems. For all other situations, generic prescribing is best practice.
Some generic drug names about to change
Submitted by Safe and Quality Use of Medicines Group
The World Health Organisation agreed many years ago that all drugs should have a recommended international non-proprietary
name (rINN). Problems arise when this rINN differs from the British Approved Name (BAN) that most of us are familiar
with. For many years manufacturers continued to use the BAN or even the US adopted name (USAN), however in 2004, UK manufacturers
had to change to rINNs to obey a European directive.
This means that the names of some common drugs could be about to change on the shelves of pharmacies and on patients'
bottles – in some cases they have changed already. Patients may worry about suddenly finding their frusemide has turned
into furosemide and whether levothyroxine is the same as the thyroxine they had last time.
Some name changes may cause dispensing errors and confusion. Mercaptamine is very similar to mercaptopurine in name
but not pharmacologically. Levothyroxine (previously thyroxine) sounds like liothyronine. Methotrimeprazine has started
arriving on shelves labelled as levomepromazine. The oestrogens will no longer be spelt with an "o" and acyclovir and
cyclosporin become aciclovir and ciclosporin respectively.
References
- Walley T, Burrill P. Generic prescribing: time to regulate the market? BMJ 2000;320(7228):131-2.
- Medsafe. New Zealand regulatory guideline for medicines. Section 15. Bioequivalence testing of oral medicines. 5th
ed, 2001.
- Rheinstein P. Therapeutic inequivalence. Drug Saf 1990;5(Suppl 1):114-9.
- Mott D, Cline R. Exploring generic drug use behaviour: The role of prescribers and pharmacists in the opportunity
for generic drug use and generic substitution. Med Care 2002;40(8):662-74.